创新型政府:中美创新政策的比较研究

Innovative Government:A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Innovation Policies

中文关键词:  创新活动  政府  中美创新政策  企业  技术  经济发展

英文关键词:innovation activity  government  Sino-U.S. innovation policy  enterprise  technology  economic development

中文摘要:

      创新是驱动经济发展的关键引擎。理论上,政府能够减少创新过程中出现的效率损失,但实践中却充满争议。由于时代背景、资源禀赋等方面的差异,中美两国政府对创新的支持政策具有不同特征。美国政府的政策出发点通常不具有明确的商业目的,而是通过衍生的“副产品”对创新产生重要影响；中国政府的创新政策则更具有针对性,运用多种财政金融工具,充分实施产业政策,存在明确的商业目的。此外,美国政府较为注重创新制度建设,创新主体分工明确,较少直接干预市场主体的创新活动；中国政府则采取多元化的创新政策直接干预市场主体,且各部门分工较为模糊。当前,美国处于后领先阶段,具备良好的技术创新和商业化能力,政府主导的基础研究引领世界科技前沿,而中国处于后追赶阶段,创新政策处于由“引进—吸收—再创新”模式向自主创新模式转型的阶段,有许多关键技术被美方“卡脖子”。对比之下,中国仍需取长补短,才能实现创新实践从追赶阶段到领先阶段的跨越。

英文摘要:

      Innovation is the key engine to drive the economic development. In theory, government can reduce efficiency loss in innovation process, but it is controversial in practice. Due to the differences of time background and resource endowment, the supporting policies of Chinese and American governments for innovation have different characteristics. The policies of U.S. government are usually of no definite commercial purpose from their starting point, but they have an important impact on innovation through the derivative “by-products”. The innovation policies of the Chinese government are more targeted, using a variety of fiscal and financial tools to develop vigorously the industrial policies, which have clear commercial purposes. In addition, the U.S. government attaches great importance to the construction of innovation system, with innovation subjects a clear division of labor and less direct intervention in the innovation activities of market subjects. The Chinese government directly intervenes with diversified innovation policies, and the division of labor is vague among different departments. At present, the United States is in the post-leading stage, with good technological innovation and commercialization capabilities. The government-led basic research leads the world in the forefront of science and technology while China is in the post-catch-up stage. China's innovation policy is still in the stage of transformation from the “introduction-absorption-re-innovation” mode to the independent innovation mode, and many key technologies are stuck by the United States. In contrast, China still needs to learn from strong points of others and overcome the weaknesses so as to make a leap from chaser to leader in innovation practices. 