公益类企业体制改革研究

Research on the System Reform of Public Welfare Enterprises

中文关键词:  商业类企业  公益类企业  行政型管理  混合型管理  市场型管理  集权和分权

英文关键词:commercial enterprise  public welfare enterprise  administrative management  mixed management  market-based management  centralization and decentralization

中文摘要:

      公益性业务提供的产品是公共产品,其目的是保障社会民生。从主要国家的历史演变进程可以看出,公益性业务最早是由政府部门或者其附属机构承担,而后开始企业化,这种企业化是从国有企业开始的,继而逐步进行私有化改造。无论国有企业还是私有企业,最终都要实现按市场化的方式经营。公益类国企的外部管理体制主要涉及其与政府和市场的关系。公益类国企所涉及的行业越是关乎国家长远利益,政府管制程度越高；所涉及行业越是与个人密切相关,政府管制程度越低。后者可以考虑转向完全市场化的商业类国企。然而,这类国企在转型初期可能一时处于亏损状态,在不得不依靠政府补贴维持运转并遵从政府要求时,同样应注意面向市场开展业务。当行业逐渐成熟时,再全面参与市场竞争。由于公益类国企与政府和市场的关系不同,其内部管理体制也存在集权模式、集权与分权相结合模式、分权模式三种。总之,公益类国企走向市场是一种基本的趋势,也是一个渐进式的过程。转型发展期间,基本的原则是使企业实现市场化经营,唯有如此才能确保公益类国企的效率不断提高。

英文摘要:

      The products provided by public welfare business are public goods, and its purpose is for the people's livelihood. As can be seen from the historical evolution of major countries, public welfare services were first undertaken by government departments or their affiliates, and then began to be corporatized. This corporatization started from the state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and then gradually began to be privatized. No matter whether it is a state-owned enterprise or a private enterprise, it must carry on the operation according to the market way finally. The external management system of public welfare state-owned enterprises mainly involves its relationship with the government and the market. The more concerned with the long-term interests of the country for the industries involved in public welfare state-owned enterprises, the higher the degree of government regulation. The more closely the industry involved is related to individuals, the lower the degree of government regulation, which can be considered to turn to fully market-oriented commercial state-owned enterprises. However, such SOEs might lose money in the initial stage of transformation and should be just as mindful of opening up to the market when they have to rely on government subsidies to keep them going and comply with government demands. As the industry gradually matures, it becomes completely involved in the market competition. Because public welfare SOEs have different relationship with market and government, their internal management system also has three types:centralized mode, the combination of centralized and decentralized mode, and decentralized mode. In short, it is a basic trend and a gradual process for public welfare SOEs to go to the market. In the process of transformation and development, the basic principle is to make enterprises realize market-oriented operation. Only in this way can we ensure the continuous improvement in the efficiency of public welfare SOEs. 